Current Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches in Otolaryngology: Sleep Apnea, Epistaxis, And Oxidative Stress

This book provides a comprehensive overview of current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in otolaryngology, focusing on sleep apnea, epistaxis, and oxidative stress. The first chapter thoroughly reviews obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), covering its epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic tools—including polysomnography and novel biomarkers—and treatment interventions such as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), mandibular advancement devices, surgical options, and innovative pharmacotherapies. Emphasis is placed on personalized medicine and multidisciplinary care to improve patient outcomes. The second chapter addresses epistaxis, detailing the anatomical basis of nasal arterial supply, clinical evaluation, and management strategies for anterior and posterior nosebleeds, including conservative measures, chemical and electrocautery, nasal packing, and arterial ligation. The third chapter examines the role of oxidative stress in ENT diseases, highlighting the balance between free radicals and antioxidants, sources of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and their implications in nasal septal deviation, nasal polyps, adenotonsillar hypertrophy, and OSAS. It discusses the biochemical mechanisms and disease correlations with oxidative stress markers in serum and tissue. The final chapter deals with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea (CSF leak), emphasizing its diagnosis through biomarkers like β2-transferrin and β-trace protein, and advanced imaging techniques such as high-resolution computed tomography and MR cisternography. It reviews endoscopic endonasal repair techniques, surgical outcomes, postoperative management, and the importance of evaluating intracranial hypertension in spontaneous cases. The book stresses the integration of cutting-edge diagnostic modalities and treatment methods to reduce morbidity and improve quality of life in otolaryngologic disorders.