KÜLTÜR VARLIKLARINI KORUMA VE ONARIM ALANINDA CALİSMALAR-I

This publication covers specialized studies in the field of cultural heritage conservation and restoration. The first section provides an in-depth analysis of iron-gall ink (demir-mazı mürekkebi) used in historical manuscripts, focusing on its chemistry, degradation processes, analytical techniques, and conservation methods. Iron-gall ink comprises iron sulfate, tannins, and Arabic gum and causes degradation through acid hydrolysis and oxidation on paper or parchment substrates. Degradation manifests as color changes, cracking, and substrate loss. Analytical methods include non-destructive and micro-destructive techniques such as XRF, FTIR, Raman, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Conservation approaches range from preventive environmental controls to active treatments like calcium phytate/calcium bicarbonate applications. The second part discusses the historical development, chemical classification, significance, and types of solvents used broadly in conservation. The critical role of solvents’ physical, chemical, and solvatochromic properties in correct selection and application is emphasized, with detailed coverage of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, ethers, esters, halogenated organics, and eco-friendly solvents. The third part investigates deterioration mechanisms and types found in wooden cultural heritage materials. Anatomical defects such as knots, resin pockets, burls, and grain deviations, alongside physical (breakage, cracking, joint failure), chemical, and biological deteriorations (fungi, insects) are exhaustively discussed. Additionally, the detrimental effects of poor-quality repairs, inappropriate materials, and vandalism on wooden artifacts are stressed. The necessity of conducting conservation and restoration on scientific and ethical grounds and the imperative of interdisciplinary collaboration and careful maintenance for sustainably transmitting cultural wood heritage to future generations are highlighted.